For Ordinal , we define by recursion on with fixed as follows: for limit

This is NOT commutative in general, e.g. , but Synthetic Definition of Ordinal Addition

Remark

Technically, we should fix an ordinal and define by recursion on in the Well-ordered set . By uniqueness in recursion, this gives a well-defined for all . In general, this justifies recursive definition on all ordinals like the one above.

Similarly, proof by induction on all ordinals works:

Lemma

Let be some property of an ordinal . Then

Proof

Assume otherwise. Then there is an ordinal such that . Then there is also a least ordinal such that . If , then and so holds. By assumption holds.

Proposition

Proof

By induction on ( fixed). Consider three cases: If if then so . If if then WLOG , and so . So by induction

Finally, if is a limit. WLOG . Then there is some such that . By induction

Lemma

Let be a nonempty set of ordinals. Then for any ordinal ,

Proof

Cases on whether has a greatest element.

Proposition

Proof

By induction on with , fixed. We consider three cases: a limit