Suppose and are -Structures, where is the Language of set theory i.e. and (i.e. is a Substructure of ) We say that is a transitive substructure of if for any :

We will often say is a transitive model of . This means that is a transitive substructure of such that

where is the set theoretic universe.

Special case

is a transitive substructure of if and only if is Transitive.

Lemma

If is a transitive model, then Axiom of Extensionality + Axiom of Foundation

Proof

Extensionality

Axiom of Extensionality

Let such that By Axiom of Extensionality there is (WLOG) some Now by Transitivity of we know and so Thus

Foundation

Axiom of Foundation

Suppose . Find using Axiom of Foundation an -minimal (in ) By Transitivity we get We can check that is still -minimal in .